PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION, PDO::ATTR_DEFAULT_FETCH_MODE => PDO::FETCH_ASSOC, PDO::ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES => false, PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_INIT_COMMAND => "SET NAMES utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci" ] ); return $pdo; } catch (PDOException $e) { // Log error with more details error_log("Database connection failed: " . $e->getMessage()); // Show detailed error for debugging (remove in production) die("

Database Connection Failed

Error: " . htmlspecialchars($e->getMessage()) . "

Please check:

Database credentials in config/database.php
Database server is running
Database name: " . DB_NAME . "
Database user: " . DB_USER . "
User has proper permissions

Update the DB_PASS in config/database.php with your actual database password.

"); } } // Initialize database connection $pdo = initializeDatabase(); /** * Execute a prepared statement with parameters */ function executeQuery($sql, $params = []) { global $pdo; if ($pdo === null) { $pdo = initializeDatabase(); } try { $stmt = $pdo->prepare($sql); $stmt->execute($params); return $stmt; } catch (PDOException $e) { error_log("Query execution failed: " . $e->getMessage() . " | SQL: " . $sql); // Check if it's a "table doesn't exist" error during setup if (strpos($e->getMessage(), "doesn't exist") !== false && basename($_SERVER['PHP_SELF']) === 'setup.php') { // This is expected during setup - tables need to be created return false; } throw new Exception("Database operation failed: " . $e->getMessage()); } } /** * Get single row from database */ function fetchRow($sql, $params = []) { $stmt = executeQuery($sql, $params); return $stmt->fetch(); } /** * Get all rows from database */ function fetchAll($sql, $params = []) { $stmt = executeQuery($sql, $params); return $stmt->fetchAll(); } /** * Insert data and return last insert ID */ function insertData($table, $data) { global $pdo; $columns = array_keys($data); $placeholders = array_map(function($col) { return ':' . $col; }, $columns); $sql = "INSERT INTO {$table} (" . implode(', ', $columns) . ") VALUES (" . implode(', ', $placeholders) . ")"; $stmt = executeQuery($sql, $data); return $pdo->lastInsertId(); } /** * Update data in database */ function updateData($table, $data, $where, $whereParams = []) { $setParts = array_map(function($col) { return $col . ' = :' . $col; }, array_keys($data)); $sql = "UPDATE {$table} SET " . implode(', ', $setParts) . " WHERE {$where}"; $params = array_merge($data, $whereParams); return executeQuery($sql, $params); } ?>